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A trade war is an economic conflict in which countries enact tariffs or other trade barriers against each other in a vicious cycle. It ultimately makes trade more expensive, increases political tension and disrupts economies.
On March 4, 25% tariffs were imposed on goods from Canada and Mexico. Another 10% tariff went into effect on Chinese goods — in addition to the 10% tariff that began on Feb. 3. These three countries are the U.S.’s biggest trading partners. In 2024, imports from those partners amounted to more than $1.3 trillion of goods — totaling over 40% of all U.S. imports.
Trade wars are the result of economic or political tensions between two countries. They’re sparked by measures that a government takes — such as tariffs — to restrict foreign trade and protect domestic interests.
Trump has justified his latest tariffs as a response to the influx of undocumented migrants, as well as fentanyl from across the northern and southern borders. He has also said that China hasn’t done enough to stop the flow of fentanyl to the U.S. In addition, Trump has asserted that the tariffs would encourage more manufacturing on U.S. soil.
Trade wars are economically risky and typically lead to higher consumer prices, disrupt supply chains and impact world financial markets. They can strain relations between countries and, in the past, have even led to military conflicts.
How did the trade war start?
In response to Trump’s new tariffs, all three countries have imposed or are planning to levy tariffs on the U.S.
Canada: As of March 4, there is a 25% tariff on C$30 billion of U.S. goods. More 25% tariffs will be enacted after 21 days on C$125 billion of imports from the U.S. The total impact will be C$155 billion ($107 billion) of U.S. products.
Mexico: On March 9, President Claudia Sheinbaum plans to announce retaliatory tariffs.
China: Beginning March 10, there will be new tariffs on agricultural imports from the U.S., China announced. That includes 15% tariffs on chicken, wheat, corn and cotton imports. There will also be 10% tariffs on sorghum, soybeans, pork, beef, aquatic products, fruits, vegetables and dairy products.
What happened in past trade wars?
The most notorious 20th century trade war resulted from the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, in which the U.S. imposed 40% to 60% tariffs on agricultural imports and over 20,000 imported goods. It was meant to curb foreign competition and protect businesses — especially American farmers — during the early days of the Great Depression. But the plan backfired and it triggered retaliatory tariffs from other countries. As a result, global trade tanked, worsening the depression.
The U.S. engaged in other trade wars in the past century, including:
The chicken war with Europe in the 1960s. The now-defunct European Economic Community imposed tariffs on imported chickens and the U.S. retaliated with 25% tariffs on light trucks, potato starch, dextrin and brandy.
The trade war with Japan in the 1980s. As Japan’s economic power grew, the U.S. imposed 100% tariffs on $300 million worth of Japanese imports.
The banana trade wars. In the 1990s, the U.S. and the European Union clashed over the banana trade. The EU favored banana producers in former European colonies in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP), which led to more expensive banana imports from Latin America — where U.S.-based banana companies sourced the fruit. The U.S. imposed tariffs on certain European imports and filed complaints with the World Trade Organization. The banana trade wars didn’t officially end until 2012.
Canada-U.S. softwood lumber wars. Since the 1980s, Canada and the U.S. have been in dispute over the price of “stumpage fees” for softwood lumber. The disputes have led to decades of tariffs, trade negotiations and lawsuits.
Steel tariff in 2002. The U.S. imposed 10% to 30% temporary tariffs on steel imports, which the EU retaliated against with tariffs on certain American goods. The World Trade Organization later ruled the policy illegal, leading to their removal.
2018-2019 trade war with China. In Trump’s first term he levied tariffs on $350 billion of Chinese imports, while China retaliated with tariffs on $100 billion in U.S. exports.
Trade wars typically end through intervention, negotiations and compromises on trade or other policies.
How could a trade war affect consumers?
Prices would likely rise for goods imported from trading partners. That could include: certain foods, beer, coffee, tea, gas, clothing, jewelry, cosmetics, new cars, as well as consumer electronics like smartphones and computers. Home building supplies would get more expensive, which could discourage new construction and put added pressure on an already scant housing market.
In a trade war, prices would also increase the prices of goods made by U.S. manufacturers that require imported supplies. Tariffs could also foul up supply chains, which could further increase prices.
Several major companies, including Target and Best Buy, have already stated that the added costs of exporting and importing goods would be passed on to customers.
A Jan. 31 analysis by the nonpartisan Budget Lab at Yale University projects that the initial tariffs, in combination with retaliatory tariffs, could result in a loss of $1,245 in annual purchasing power for the typical U.S. household. And Feb. 3 estimate by Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) projects that the tariffs would likely slow growth and accelerate inflation.
How the trade war could escalate
Retaliatory tariffs could ignite a cycle of retaliatory tariffs that exacerbate economic consequences and further strain foreign relations.
While Trump hasn’t announced additional tariffs targeting Mexico, China or Canada, he has promised more tariffs to come that would affect partners worldwide. The U.S. trades with more than 200 countries worldwide and is the largest goods importer in the world, according to the Office of the United States Trade Representative.
Trump promised tariffs include:
March 12: 25% tariff on aluminum and steel.
April 2: Unspecified tariffs on all foreign cars.
April 2: Unspecified tariffs on imported agricultural products.
Trump has also floated tariffs on semiconductors, computer chips and pharmaceuticals from Taiwan. On March 1, Trump called for an investigation into the national security threat posed by the imports of lumber from Canada.
(Photo by Bill Pugliano/Getty Images News via Getty Images)
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