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Most people pee multiple times a day without giving it much thought. But if there’s a change in how often you urinate or how much you pee on each occasion, it could make you wonder if something is amiss.
It’s normal to urinate six to eight times over the course of 24 hours, says Dr. Philippe Zimmern, a urologist and professor at UT Southwestern Medical Center. But you may pee more or less than that on a particular day, depending on what and how much you drink, your age, the weather, your stress, physical activity level, and overall health.
There’s actually a fairly wide range of “normal”: In a study published in 2023 in the journal Nursing Research, for example, researchers evaluated the urination patterns of about 2,500 healthy women and found that they peed two to ten times per day and zero to four times per night. Older women peed more often than younger ones (especially at night). Research suggests that men tend to pee slightly less often.
“A full bladder should hold at least 300 to 400 milliliters” of fluid, which is equal to about 1¼ cups to just under two cups, says Dr. Michael Zell, assistant professor of urology at Case Western Reserve University. Given this, if you’re drinking enough fluids throughout the day, having to urinate “every three to four hours during the day is normal,” he adds.
Read More: What to Drink to Stay Hydrated—And What to Avoid
In addition to quantity, the quality of your urine matters, too. Generally, it’s normal for urine to be light yellow, but if you drink a lot of fluids, it could be clear, almost like water, Zimmern notes. If you’re dehydrated, your urine could be more concentrated and darker yellow. (Keep in mind that if you’re taking certain vitamins or medications, your urine could be more yellow, too.)
Urine shouldn’t have much of a smell. “Some foods such as asparagus can give it an odor, but otherwise, smelly urine can be a sign of a bladder infection,” Zimmern says.
How to tell something might be wrong
When it comes to peeing patterns, “some trouble signs are if your urine becomes bloody or cloudy, starts to smell, or you have difficulty urinating, take a long time to urinate or do so very frequently,” says Zimmern. “Pain over the area of the bladder or pain while urinating are also abnormal and can signal a bladder infection.”
If you pee more than eight times during your waking hours, that’s considered “increased frequency,” which can be a symptom of undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes, says Dr. Nathaniel Barnes, a urologist with Memorial Hermann Health System in Texas. “When [excess] sugar spills into the urine, it draws water with it, increasing urination. Think of each sugar molecule acting as a sponge, taking two water molecules with it.”
This is usually accompanied by increased thirst (called polydipsia), which causes you to drink more, thus perpetuating the cycle of increased urination (called polyuria).
Read More: Do You Need to Take Electrolytes to Stay Hydrated?
Other symptoms—such as having a weak or intermittent stream, needing to strain to pee, feeling like you need to pee when you actually don’t, and peeing several times at night—are also worth investigating. If these symptoms bother you or affect your quality of life, discuss them with your primary care physician, experts say.
If you pee a little when you laugh, sneeze, cough, lift something heavy, or exercise, these could be signs of stress incontinence. Leaking urine when you feel the need to go, or having trouble holding your urine until you can get to the bathroom, could be symptoms of urge incontinence.
And if you wake up two or more times during the night to go to the bathroom, you may have nocturia, a common condition that becomes even more prevalent as people get older, according to the Urology Care Foundation. One in three adults older than 30 goes to the bathroom at least twice per night, and 70% of them are understandably bothered by this. (Besides being a hassle, going to the bathroom multiple times per night can lead to sleep loss.)
Seeking help
Whether you’re peeing too often or experiencing any of these other symptoms, “a good rule of thumb is that if it is bothering you or causing problems [in your life], it should be addressed” with a health-care provider, Zell says.
Bring these symptoms to the attention of your primary care physician, “who can do a urinalysis, urine culture, and basic lab tests to check kidney function,” Barnes suggests. Depending on the results, you may be referred to a urologist.
When it comes to problematic urinary symptoms, “some people think they should see a nephrologist, but that’s for [diagnosed] kidney disease,” says Barnes. “Issues like urgency, frequency, and nocturia are handled by urologists or urogynecologists.” Bladder infections can be treated by a urologist, urogynecologist, or even your primary care physician—so that’s usually the best place to start.
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