Between Mercury’s core and mantle lies an 11-mile thick layer of diamond.

Mercury, the smallest planet in our solar system, has long been a mystery due to its dark surface and high core density. However, recent research has shed new light on this enigmatic planet, revealing the presence of a thick diamond layer beneath its graphite crust at the core-mantle boundary.

Published in Nature Communications by a team of scientists from China and Belgium, the study proposes that Mercury’s core-mantle boundary hosts an 18-kilometer-thick diamond layer. This groundbreaking discovery marks a significant step forward in our understanding of planetary differentiation processes, offering insights into how planets develop distinct internal layers.

The researchers suggest that the diamond layer formed as a result of the crystallization of Mercury’s carbon-rich magma ocean. As the planet cooled, carbon in the magma ocean solidified into a graphite crust on the surface. However, the study challenges the prevailing assumption that graphite was the only stable carbon phase during this phase of Mercury’s evolution.

“Many years ago, I noticed that Mercury’s remarkably high carbon content could have profound implications,” Dr. Yanhao Lin, co-author of the study from the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research in Beijing, shared with Phys.org. “It led me to believe that something extraordinary may have occurred within Mercury’s interior.”

Using high-pressure and temperature experiments along with thermodynamic modeling, the researchers were able to replicate the extreme conditions within Mercury’s interior. By reaching pressure levels of up to 7 Giga Pascals, they could study the equilibrium phases of Mercury’s minerals.

Their findings revealed that the presence of sulfur in Mercury’s iron core influenced the crystallization process of the magma ocean. Sulfur effectively lowered the liquidus temperature, facilitating the formation of the diamond layer at the core-mantle boundary. It also led to the formation of an iron sulfide layer, impacting the carbon content during planetary differentiation.

The high thermal conductivity of the diamond layer has significant implications for Mercury’s thermal dynamics and magnetic field generation. It aids in transferring heat from the core to the mantle, affecting temperature gradients and convection in the liquid outer core, ultimately influencing the planet’s magnetic field.

Furthermore, the findings have broader implications for understanding carbon-rich exoplanetary systems and terrestrial planets similar in size and composition to Mercury. The processes observed on Mercury could potentially occur on other planets, leaving behind similar geological signatures. The study suggests that diamond layers similar to the one found on Mercury might exist on other terrestrial planets, provided the environmental conditions are just right.

Conclusion:

As we delve deeper into the mysteries of our solar system, discoveries like the diamond layer on Mercury’s core-mantle boundary highlight the complexity and diversity of planetary structures. These findings not only enhance our knowledge of Mercury’s unique composition but also offer valuable insights into the formation and evolution of planets in our universe.

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