Is eBay Stock Still a Good Investment Option?

Introduction

I’m tempted to say that (almost) everyone knows eBay (NASDAQ:EBAY). The online retailing dinosaur, which was once declared dead due to explosively growing and more modern competitors, is still alive. In fact, it’s even the most profitable of such platforms. Not noticed by many, its stock has been climbing up to the second-highest point after the separation with PayPal. In fact, it even outperformed PayPal (PYPL) by more than 50 percentage points since the separation in 2015. Speak of surprises!

With the momentum being upwards, the market doesn’t seem to expect it to be dying, either. However, looking at a few critical numbers, this does not add up for a lucrative case. Read below for a detailed investment assessment.

Long live the dead

As a first step in my research process for this analysis, I briefly thought about my personal online shopping behavior while being reminded of Peter Lynch and his boots-on-the-ground research regarding – in his times physical – retail stores.

It might be shocking to some, but I must confess that I am at least buying as often from eBay as from Amazon (AMZN). Without a doubt, I may be a big outlier, but the latter hasn’t become the “everything store” for me. I am also reluctant to go for a prime subscription as I personally try to avoid too many of these convenience offerings.

From time to time, though, it makes absolute sense for me to order something from eBay, especially when I am searching only for one particular item or book instead of being indirectly forced to buy more stuff only to reach the threshold for free shipping. That’s how I came to the idea of looking at the stock of eBay.

On the chart above, we can make the observation that the general long-term trend is up – and not down like one might be tempted to assume. Since eBay and PayPal went separate ways, eBay’s stock has doubled until today.

And not only that, it has even left PayPal way behind it:

Valuation matters – sooner or later!

Though not a brutal growth story, it does not look like a dying one, either. Leaving the tech and internet bubble of 2021 aside (at least for small and mid-sized companies), eBay’s stock has even reached its highest level. There must be something in it; otherwise, the stock wouldn’t be consistently rising for years.

Before we dive into the company’s financial statements, first for a better comparison, eBay’s gross market value (GMV), i.e. the value of all traded items on its platform in 2023 was $73 billion. USD. In comparison, Amazon as a whole with all its 22 domains saw $729 billion in GMV and about half of that on amazon.com alone.

Or, in other words, eBay today is only a tenth of Amazon using this metric.

On one side, we see a big difference, but on the other, it is surprising to see eBay still being relevant. As it seems, I am not the only buyer on eBay. eBay says in their latest annual report that they have 132 million buyers on their platform. Also, part of the truth is, though, that eBay had a higher GMV ten years ago with $82–83 billion in 2014 and 2015 each, so this figure is down by 10% over the last decade. It is an important yardstick because platforms like eBay or Amazon take their cut in the form of fees from it.

I purposefully did not use the equity market capitalization of eBay (~$29 billion) and Amazon ($1,800 billion or 60x eBay), as it is misleading due to Amazon being way more than a pure-play online retailer. The more so, as the money is earned in its cloud segment – one that eBay lacks.

What is interesting and astonishing, though, is operating profitability. Despite GMV being down, we can see that eBay has been able to generate operating margins of at least 20% in each year since having spun off PayPal. Free cash flow generation also looks fairly strong with double-digit values, though it’s more volatile.

Having in mind that GMV is down over the last decade, it is quite an achievement to see that eBay was able to, even though only slightly, increase its sales over the same time period. With around $10 billion in sales, we do not need to start a discussion about that compared to Amazon – these are almost peanuts.

But as said, eBay is very profitable, sales have not been declining and expectations are rather low for the stock as the PE ratio of only 12x (see the first chart above) suggests.

Financials: balance sheet, cash flow and buybacks

First of all, eBay has been a serial acquirer of lots of smaller companies, as this list on Wikipedia (see here) shows. From time to time, they also dispose of some assets, but all in all, eBay remains what it is – eBay. Going a bit deeper into the numbers, we can see that by the end of 2023, eBay had a balance sheet with about $1.5 billion in net cash.

As per the latest numbers (30 June 2024), this has changed a bit. The numbers flipped to a small net debt position of $2.5 billion (with $5 billion of cash, $7.6 billion in financial debt).

Free cash flow generation is the next key topic to have a look at. We don’t see any growth, but it is fair to say that eBay is able to hold the numbers steady – more or less, with roughly $2 billion in annual free cash flow. Putting the debt number against it, the balance sheet looks stable.

Not only since eBay was pressured by activist investors Elliot Management and Starboard Value (see here, here and here), has the company been buying back its own stock frequently. We can see that in most years, the total amount spent on buybacks even exceeded total free cash flow generation. Nonetheless, until this day, eBay’s balance sheet is only modestly leveraged, as they also sold occasionally some assets.

The bottom line is that the share count has dropped massively. If you’re looking for an example of a beast or a cannibal, look no further than eBay. Stock outstanding decreased from 1.1 billion to 0.5 billion, or more than 50% in not even eight years!

In every year with the exception of 2023, the share count dropped by at least 5%, on three occasions even by more than 10%. During 2024, the number is until now –2.5% – the pace is being kept up.

Bull thesis on shaky ground

There are a few things that make this seemingly good-looking set-up a too risky adventure.

First of all, the active user base. So far, we’ve seen GMV and the figure of 132 million buyers from the latest annual report. The issue here is that this number has been declining as of late at a rather too high pace for me. I checked it for all years since 2011 and put them down in the following table (until 2014 called “active users”, and since then “active buyers”; numbers in the second row all in millions):

In 2021, eBay sold its assets of StubHub, a non-core ticketing service, for $4 billion, and that’s why the drop in active user numbers might look a bit harsher than it was on an adjusted basis. However, we can see that in the following years, the decline continued.

Over the years, I started to develop a rather negative feeling when I see a company which depends on an at least stable, but ideally growing user base. In the case of eBay as is, the company is back to 2013–2014 in terms of its active user base, which is not what I like to see.

Point number two is free cash flow and the valuation. Free cash flow numbers need to be adjusted for stock-based compensation (SBC), which has been rising over the last years.

So if we pull out the ~$600 million in SBC, the effective free cash flow for shareholders is about $1.5 billion, or about a quarter less for FY 2023. Over the last twelve months, the trend has even worsened, as free cash flow minus SBC has even dropped to below $1 billion.

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